Displacement and planned relocation are critical issues in the context of disasters brought about by natural hazards, particularly for those living in low-lying and hazardous areas. While some are forced to move due to immediate threats, many are reluctant to leave their homes despite significant danger. This reluctance can be attributed to economic, social, and psychological factors, including a strong attachment to place. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing effective disaster risk reduction strategies that address the needs and concerns of immobile and displaced populations.
During weather systems, residents living close to the sea are often advised to seek shelter elsewhere. The residents of Pottersville in Dominica have repeatedly been impacted by rough seas and storm surge during the passage of tropical cyclones. During Hurricane Maria in 2017, for example, many Pottersville residents suffered severe property losses and were temporarily displaced. Some sought refuge with family members, while others moved into shelters. Upon returning home, they discovered the full extent of their losses.
In July 2024, Hurricane Beryl devastated the islands of Carriacou, Union, and Petite Martinique. The Category 4 hurricane brought heavy rain, high winds, and rough seas. In Dominica, residents prepared for possible tropical storm conditions but nearly 24 hours after the passage of Hurricane Beryl, Pottersville residents experienced severe impacts of rough and above normal seas. Many lost their homes, businesses, and equipment essential for their livelihoods. Despite this, many residents expressed a strong desire to remain in their community.
Several factors contribute to the decision not to evacuate:
Economic Factors: Many individuals and families in disaster-prone areas are economically disadvantaged and lack the financial resources to relocate. The costs associated with transportation, securing new housing, and finding new employment can be prohibitive. For those relying on local jobs, particularly in agriculture or fishing, relocating may mean not only losing their homes but also their livelihoods. Economic stability is a significant factor that ties people to their current locations, making the prospect of moving daunting and impractical.
Social and Cultural Ties: Social networks and cultural ties play a crucial role in the reluctance to relocate. For many, their community is a source of support and identity. Leaving behind friends, family, and neighbours can be emotionally taxing and socially isolating. The sense of belonging and identity tied to a place can outweigh the perceived benefits of moving to a safer area. Additionally, some may not be able to relocate with pets or livestock. Immobile populations, including those with physical disabilities, often have no choice but to stay, leaving them to fend for themselves.
Psychological Factors: The fear of the unknown and the psychological comfort of familiar surroundings also contribute to the reluctance to move. People are generally resistant to change, especially when it involves uprooting their lives. The trauma and stress associated with displacement can be overwhelming, leading to a preference for staying put despite the risks. This is particularly true for older adults, who may find the prospect of starting anew especially challenging.
Attachment to Place: Place attachment refers to the emotional bond between people and their environment. This attachment can be particularly strong in areas with significant historical or sentimental value. Homes and neighbourhoods often hold memories and personal histories that are irreplaceable. The loss of a home can feel like the loss of one’s identity and past, which can be a powerful deterrent to relocation.
To ensure adequate protection for disaster displaced persons, environmental migrants and vulnerable communities a holistic approach is essential. This approach should consider threats to human security and provide context-specific solutions in a participatory manner. Solutions should be people-centred and comprehensive prioritizing community engagement while ensuring all necessary partners are involved. The national disaster system should collaborate closely with local populations and vulnerable communities, ensuring that their voices are heard, and they have an input in the decision-making processes. By involving affected communities, addressing their environmental, economic and personal concerns, and providing adequate infrastructure and support, the transition for persons who are displaced or who are being relocated can be made smoother and more sustainable.
Furthermore, planned relocation strategies must consider environmental security and be prevention-oriented, designed to enhance long-term resilience, reducing future risks and ensuring that relocated communities can thrive in their new environments.
